When Tilio Gelpke was eight years old he was taken out of
school, and a lifetime of working with sheep began. His father, a Swiss
architect, bought Corzano e Paterno in the late 1960’s and imported 50 sheep
from Sardinia, to clear the land of bushes. Tilio says goats would have been
better. Sheep prefer grass, goats like larger vegetation. “Together they make a
good team.” He started learning to care for the animals from a Sardinian family that relocated to
Tuscany with the initial herd.
We are talking in the middle of a milking parlor. It is
loud, aromatic, and a fine balance of order and chaos. After a while it becomes the sensation of watching
people get onto subway trains, or file into seats at a large theater. There is
bustle, followed by placid moments of chewing, and the methodical attachment of
pumps. The sheep file in and jostle for favorite positions: they don’t like wet
spots on the floor. I feel the same way. When an animal with four legs slips,
limbs go in all directions. Usually its head smacks the concrete. A
two-day-old lamb wanders through the milking lines, then down to us in
the center of the room. It strikes me as amazing how alert and active this little creature
is, in comparison to barely awake 2-day-old humans. They register a comparable level
of cuteness, in my opinion.
Tilio attaches pumps and checks microchips in the first
stomach (sheep have two) with a handheld device, to verify identities and record
production levels. Today he is the angel of death. Animals that are very old (generally
over 12 years) have malformed teats, or simply do not produce average levels
of milk are marked with a dark green stripe. It is bad to have a green stripe.
“If an old animal dies on the farm I have to pay 50 euros
to dispose of it,” he says. “If I only get 10 euros from the butcher… I hate
it, I hate dealing with them, I’d rather make illegal sausage on the farm, but
the regulations make us do stupid things. People can buy a pig and slaughter it
at their property to make sausage, but I cannot do the same with my old animals
(without violating EU codes.)
“Fifty years ago there was so much concentration of
productive food: it was a garden.” Tilio says everything was grown here, not
just olives and grapes. People had to maximize the potential of the land. “Each
stone you see, someone has turned it a few times. How far do I have to go back
to find an era like this? Probably before the Etruscans.” Across more recent
millennia the land had to be intensively farmed, to support the population
density of Tuscany. Tilio says that until the last century 20 people would live
on the production of 10 hectares of land, while giving 50% of the harvest to
their aristocratic masters. “It was slavery,” he says. But it made people wring
every ounce of productivity from their territory. Vines were trellised along
fruit tress, and vegetables co-planted between the vines, and anywhere else
that wasn’t too rocky or steep.
“Romans had a dependency on grain. Florence could not
have had the Renaissance without a greater concentration of crops.”
It is initially unsettling to have a long conversation
about the wastefulness of modern Tuscan agriculture surrounded by dairy sheep
and pasture land, in a region whose most striking visual characteristics is abundant
and often scrupulously cultivated olive groves and vineyards. But Tilio’s point
is we must take a longer perspective. “In the 1950’s someone with 50 sheep
would have a wealthy family.” His family have 650. His neighbors have productive
land planted with olive trees that they do not use anymore, because the labor
is too expensive, even to produce valuable Tuscan oil. The way they farmed the land did
not support them. So it goes fallow or becomes de facto pasture.
Tilio tells his life story as a struggle to regain productivity for the farm. He built the first stable in 1986. “Corzano e
Paterno still has animals because I am stubborn. At first I was also the only
salesman for the cheese. The stress and reality of what we were doing
came when they (cousin Aljoscha Goldschmidt and his partner Toni) had a ton
of cheese.”
“My cousin said we must throw it all to the pigs. I threw
none away.”
Tilio learned quickly that his market for their farmstead
cheese was not the grocery store. “Fresh cheeses lose weight. Retailers don’t like
it, which is why they prefer industrial cheese.” Restaurants in Florence were a
much better market, able to sell a selection of diverse pecorinos. The dairy
thrived, and today they can barely keep up with demand.
Tilio takes issue with the emergence
of industrial cheese that tries to look like small farm cheese. The ubiquity of
these products in Italy sounds similar to what you find on a casual grocery
store tour in America.
“Cheese makers have no secrets. It’s something we have
been making for 10,000 years.” A mistake created their first “signature”
cheese, Buccia di Rospo. Instead of tall round pecorinos, the cheese came out as
squat bloomy disks. The expression Buccia
di Rospo was used by Aljoscha to say the cheese was rotting: literally
“It’s toading off.”
Locals complain of the reappearance
of the occasional wolf. Tilio thinks this is part of the same larger picture. “We have (problems with) wild animals because
agriculture has changed. Wolves follow the wild boar and deer. When I started
(working life at Corzano) we had pheasants. Those were the large animals you
would see. Now we have wild boar as big as a pig. When you see them on a
motorbike I say ‘Please, you go first.’”
Hunters imported larger boar from central Europe. They
thrive in the food-rich fields of Chianti, growing fat on the Sangiovese grapes
from vines they vandalize. “When I was a child they were hill animals, small,
to get between rows. The Hungarian ones give birth twice a year.” And now they
become overabundant.
Tilio has lived through boom and bust years in Chianti.
“It’s an Italian disease. When something is working well they can spoil it in a
very short time.” I hear this kind of shockingly deprecating language from many
farmers working in Italy. “1973 was a terrible vintage and they sold it like it
was a normal wine, and killed the market. Then it took many years and someone
with money, it was Antinori but it could have been anyone, to fix it again.”
He then gets positive “We learn so much out of growing
food.” We are outside, sharing stories of trips to Morocco, cheese making friends
in New Jersey, details of farm life. A sheep dog wanders between us. “He thinks
of himself as equal to us, a peer.” Tilio says. “I call him
but he will not come. He has a job to do.” I realize I’ve been here a long
time, and it’s not yet 8am. Time to depart. My work day is starting.